As práticas preventivas para o câncer de mama, do colo de útero e da próstata em município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil : um olhar sobre a equidade
Vivian Mae Schmidt Lima Amorim
TESE
Português
T/UNICAMP Am68p
[Preventive practices breast, uterine and prostate cancer in municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil]
Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2010.
189 p.
Orientador: Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Resumo: Justificativa: O câncer de mama, do colo de útero e de próstata são neoplasias importantes na incidência e na mortalidade no Brasil e são agravos que dispõem de métodos de rastreamento para detecção precoce oferecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Existe a necessidade de se identificar...
Ver mais
Resumo: Justificativa: O câncer de mama, do colo de útero e de próstata são neoplasias importantes na incidência e na mortalidade no Brasil e são agravos que dispõem de métodos de rastreamento para detecção precoce oferecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Existe a necessidade de se identificar os grupos de mulheres e de homens que não realizam os exames de detecção precoce para esses agravos, como forma de implementar as estratégias para captação desses indivíduos visando minimizar as desigualdades sociais ainda existentes em relação ao acesso aos serviços de saúde. Objetivos: Analisar as práticas de detecção precoce para o câncer de mama, do colo uterino e de próstata, segundo características sociodemográficas, filiação a planos privados de saúde, morbidade e comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Material e Métodos: Estudo do tipo transversal, de base populacional, que teve como população de estudo todos os indivíduos do sexo feminino com idade de 20 a 69 anos residentes no município de Campinas, participantes do ISACAMP 2008/2009 e homens com idade superior a 50 anos residentes nos municípios de Campinas, Botucatu, Taboão da Serra, Embu e o distrito do Butantã em São Paulo, participantes do ISA-SP 2002/2003. Para a obtenção da amostra, os setores censitários dos municípios, foram agrupados em três estratos, segundo o percentual de chefes de família com nível universitário. Foram sorteados 10 setores censitários de cada estrato, e de cada setor censitário foram sorteados os domicílios e selecionados os indivíduos que seriam entrevistados, segundo os domínios de sexo e idade. As informações foram obtidas por meio de questionário estruturado em blocos temáticos, com a maioria das questões fechadas, aplicado diretamente à pessoa sorteada. O presente estudo incluiu 992 homens com 50 anos ou mais, 696 mulheres de 40 a 69 anos e 508 mulheres de 20 a 59 anos. Foram incluídos na análise dois grupos de variáveis: as independentes compostas por variáveis sociodemográficas, filiação a plano privado de saúde, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e estado da saúde e as dependentes, referentes à realização das práticas preventivas para a detecção do câncer de mama, do colo de útero e da próstata. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado os programas STATA 9 e STATA 11.0, que possibilitou levar em consideração as variáveis do plano de amostragem e o efeito de delineamento. As análises bivariadas incluíram estimativas de prevalência e intervalos confiança de 95% (IC) e modelos de regressão logística múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: O presente estudo verificou que 44,4% (IC 95%: 37,3-51,7) da população estudada dos homens de 50 anos ou mais, nunca haviam realizado exame preventivo para o câncer de próstata. Dos homens que referiram ter realizado exames de detecção do câncer de próstata (55,6%) o toque retal foi referido por 61,8%, o PSA por 73,2%, a ultra-sonografia por 28,2% e a biópsia por 7,3%. Dentre os homens que referiram ter realizado algum exame, 49,7% o haviam feito no ano que antecedeu a entrevista, 23% entre um a dois anos, 10% entre dois a três anos e 17% quatro anos ou mais antes da entrevista; Dos exames realizados, 41% foram financiados SUS. Os resultados da análise de regressão múltipla de Poisson apontam que a não realização dos exames preventivos para o câncer de próstata foi significativamente mais freqüente nos homens com menos de 70 anos, menor escolaridade, de menor renda familiar per capita, que não apresentam Diabetes Mellitus, que referiram algum tipo de deficiência visual e que não fizeram consulta odontológica no ano que antecedeu a entrevista. Em relação à realização da mamografia o presente estudo mostrou que das mulheres de 40 a 69 anos residentes no município de Campinas 47,7 % (IC95% 39,1-56,5) relataram filiação a planos privados de saúde e que 64,2% das mulheres realizaram a mamografia nos dois anos que antecederam a entrevista. O principal motivo apresentado para a realização da a mamografia foi realizá-la como procedimento de rotina sem a presença de queixas ou sintomas. Para as mulheres que nunca realizaram a mamografia o motivo mais alegado foi achar que a realização do exame não é um procedimento necessário s ser feito. Não ter o conhecimento do resultado do exame mostrou-se mais prevalente nas mulheres SUS dependente em relação as que têm plano privado de saúde. Das mamografias realizadas, 49,3 % foram financiadas pelo SUS e 50,7% pelos planos privados de saúde. A análise de regressão múltipla hierarquizada de Poisson revelou que persistiram significantes as variáveis: renda e plano privado de saúde, na 1ª etapa atividade física no lazer, diabetes mellitus e a consulta odontológica na 2ª etapa. Quanto a realização da citologia oncótica 46,4% (IC95% 34,1-59,2) das mulheres de 20 a 59 anos são filiadas a planos privados de saúde e que 86,2% (IC 95% 82,6-89,1) das mulheres entre 20 a 59 anos residentes no município de Campinas fizeram o exame nos últimos 3 anos, não sendo observada diferença na realização do Papanicolaou entre as mulheres que tem e as que não tem plano privado de saúde. Apenas 6,8% das mulheres entrevistadas referiram nunca ter realizado o Papanicolaou. O principal motivo alegado para a realização do exame foi fazê-lo como exame de rotina (92,8%). Já o principal motivo referido pelas mulheres que nunca fizeram o exame foi de acharem não ser um exame necessário. Quanto ao resultado do exame somente 4,5% não sabiam do resultado do último exame. Das citologias oncóticas realizadas, 55,7 % foram financiadas pelo SUS e 44,3% por planos privados de saúde. Não foi observada a associação entre as variáveis sócio-demográficas, de filiação a planos privados de saúde, de comportamento de saúde, morbidade e a realização da citologia oncótica nos três anos que antecederam a entrevista. Conclusão: Esse estudo mostrou importantes desigualdades socioeconômicas na realização do PSA, a presença da eqüidade na realização da citologia oncótica entre as mulheres de 20 a 59 anos residentes filiadas a planos privados de saúde e as SUS dependentes. Também apontou a existência de desigualdades, na realização da mamografia, entre das mulheres de 40 a 69 mostrando que as filiadas a planos privados de saúde realizam mais o exame do que as SUS dependentes. Quanto ao acesso na realização do Papanicolaou observou-se a existência da equidade apontando para a possibilidade de que o mesmo possa ocorrer em relação as outras praticas de saúde. Estratégias que garantam a equidade no acesso necessitam serem desenvolvidas com o objetivo de minimizar as desigualdades na realização da mamografia e do PSA e da integralidade das ações pertinentes às políticas nacionais da saúde do homem e da mulher
Ver menos
Abstract: Justification: Breast, uterine and prostate cancer are important malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality in Brazil. The Brazilian public healthcare system offers early detection methods for these conditions. There is need to identify groups of women and men who have not undergone...
Ver mais
Abstract: Justification: Breast, uterine and prostate cancer are important malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality in Brazil. The Brazilian public healthcare system offers early detection methods for these conditions. There is need to identify groups of women and men who have not undergone early detection exams in order to implement strategies for reaching these individuals with the aim of minimizing existing social inequalities related to healthcare services. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to analyze early detection practices for breast, uterine and prostate cancer based on socio-demographic characteristics, affiliations with private health plans, morbidity and health-related behavior. Materials and Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out involving a study population of all females between 20 and 69 years of age in the city of Campinas (SP, Brazil) who participated in the ISACAMP 2008/2009 health survey and men aged 50 years or older residing in the cities of Campinas, Botucatu, Taboão da Serra and Embu and the district of Butantã in Sao Paulo (SP, Brazil) who participated in the ISA-SP 2002/2003 health survey. For the determination of the sample, the census sectors of the municipalities were grouped into three strata based on the percentage of heads of family with a university education. Ten census sectors of each stratum were selected by lots; residences were selected by lots from each census sector; and the individuals to be interviewed (based on gender and
age) were then selected. The information was collected using a questionnaire structured in thematic blocks, with the majority of items closed questions, administered directly to the individual selected. The study involved 992 men aged 50 years or older, 696 women between 40 and 69 years of age and 508 women between 20 and 59 years of age. Two groups of variables were used in the analysis: independent variables, made up of socio-demographic variables, affiliations with private health plans, health-related behavior and health status; and dependent variables referring to preventive practices for the detection of breast, uterine and prostate cancer. The STATA 9 and STATA 11.0 programs were used for the statistical analysis, which allowed taking the sampling plan and design effect into consideration. The bivariate analyses included prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as well as Poisson multiple logistic regression models. Results: A total of 44.4% (95% CI: 37.3-51.7) of population of males aged 50 years or older had never undergone a preventive prostate cancer exam. Among the men who reported having a prostate exam (55.6%), 61.8% reported undergoing the digital rectal exam, 73.2% reported undergoing the PSA exam, 28.2% reported undergoing ultrasonography and 7.3% reported undergoing biopsies. Among the men who reported undergoing an exam, 49.7% had done so in the year prior to the interview, 23% had done so one to two years earlier, 10% had done so two to three years earlier and 17% had done so four or more years prior to the interview. A total of 41% of the exams were financed by the Brazilian public healthcare system. The results of the Poisson multiple regression analysis revealed that the failure to undergo preventive prostate cancer exams was significantly more frequent among men under 70 years of age, those with less schooling, those with a lower household income, those without diabetes mellitus, those who reported some type of visual impairment and those Who had not visited the dentist in the previous year. With regard to mammography, among the female residents of the city of Campinas aged 40 to 69 years, 47.7% (95% CI: 39.1-56.5) reported affiliations with private health plans and 64.2% reported undergoing a mammogram in the two years prior to the interview. The main reason given for undergoing the exam was as a routine procedure, with no complaints or symptoms. Among the women who had never undergone a mammogram, the most reported reason was the belief that the exam is not a necessary procedure. A lack of knowledge regarding the results of the exam was more prevalent among those dependent on the public healthcare system in comparison to those with a private health plan. Among the mammograms performed, 49.3% were financed by the public healthcare system and 50.7% were financed by private plans. The following variables remained significant in the Poisson hierarchal multiple regression analysis: income and private health plan in the 1st step; and physical leisure activity, diabetes mellitus and dental appointment in the 2nd step. Regarding cancer cytology, 46.4% (95% CI: 34.1-59.2) of the women affiliated to private health plans between 20 and 59 years of age and 86.2% (95% CI: 82.6-89.1) of those between 20 and 59 years of age residing in the city of Campinas had taken the exam in the previous three years, with no significant difference in having undergone a Papanicolaou test between women with and without a private health plan. Only 6.8% of the women interviewed reported never having taken this exam. The main reason given for taking the test was as a routine exam (92.8%). The main reason given by the women who had never taken the test was the belief that it was unnecessary. Only 4.5% did not know the result of their last Papanicolaou test. A total of 55.7% of the cancer cytology exams were financed by the public healthcare system and 44.3% were financed by private plans. No associations were found between the socio-demographic variables, affiliation with private health plans, health-related behavior, morbidity and having undergone a cancer cytology exam in the three years prior to the interview. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated important socioeconomic inequalities with regard to having undergone a PSA exam as well as equity regarding having undergone cancer cytology exams among women between 20 and 59 years of age either affiliated to private health plans or dependent on the public healthcare system. Inequalities were detected in having undergone mammography among women aged 40 to 69 years, demonstrating that those affiliated to private health plans underwent the exam more than those dependent on the public healthcare system. Equity was found with regard to the Papanicolaou test, indicating the possibility that the same could also occur with other health practices. Strategies that ensure equity in relation to access to health services need to be drafted in order to minimize inequalities regarding mammography and the PSA test as well as the promotion of integral actions that are relevant to national health policies for men and women
Ver menos
age) were then selected. The information was collected using a questionnaire structured in thematic blocks, with the majority of items closed questions, administered directly to the individual selected. The study involved 992 men aged 50 years or older, 696 women between 40 and 69 years of age and 508 women between 20 and 59 years of age. Two groups of variables were used in the analysis: independent variables, made up of socio-demographic variables, affiliations with private health plans, health-related behavior and health status; and dependent variables referring to preventive practices for the detection of breast, uterine and prostate cancer. The STATA 9 and STATA 11.0 programs were used for the statistical analysis, which allowed taking the sampling plan and design effect into consideration. The bivariate analyses included prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as well as Poisson multiple logistic regression models. Results: A total of 44.4% (95% CI: 37.3-51.7) of population of males aged 50 years or older had never undergone a preventive prostate cancer exam. Among the men who reported having a prostate exam (55.6%), 61.8% reported undergoing the digital rectal exam, 73.2% reported undergoing the PSA exam, 28.2% reported undergoing ultrasonography and 7.3% reported undergoing biopsies. Among the men who reported undergoing an exam, 49.7% had done so in the year prior to the interview, 23% had done so one to two years earlier, 10% had done so two to three years earlier and 17% had done so four or more years prior to the interview. A total of 41% of the exams were financed by the Brazilian public healthcare system. The results of the Poisson multiple regression analysis revealed that the failure to undergo preventive prostate cancer exams was significantly more frequent among men under 70 years of age, those with less schooling, those with a lower household income, those without diabetes mellitus, those who reported some type of visual impairment and those Who had not visited the dentist in the previous year. With regard to mammography, among the female residents of the city of Campinas aged 40 to 69 years, 47.7% (95% CI: 39.1-56.5) reported affiliations with private health plans and 64.2% reported undergoing a mammogram in the two years prior to the interview. The main reason given for undergoing the exam was as a routine procedure, with no complaints or symptoms. Among the women who had never undergone a mammogram, the most reported reason was the belief that the exam is not a necessary procedure. A lack of knowledge regarding the results of the exam was more prevalent among those dependent on the public healthcare system in comparison to those with a private health plan. Among the mammograms performed, 49.3% were financed by the public healthcare system and 50.7% were financed by private plans. The following variables remained significant in the Poisson hierarchal multiple regression analysis: income and private health plan in the 1st step; and physical leisure activity, diabetes mellitus and dental appointment in the 2nd step. Regarding cancer cytology, 46.4% (95% CI: 34.1-59.2) of the women affiliated to private health plans between 20 and 59 years of age and 86.2% (95% CI: 82.6-89.1) of those between 20 and 59 years of age residing in the city of Campinas had taken the exam in the previous three years, with no significant difference in having undergone a Papanicolaou test between women with and without a private health plan. Only 6.8% of the women interviewed reported never having taken this exam. The main reason given for taking the test was as a routine exam (92.8%). The main reason given by the women who had never taken the test was the belief that it was unnecessary. Only 4.5% did not know the result of their last Papanicolaou test. A total of 55.7% of the cancer cytology exams were financed by the public healthcare system and 44.3% were financed by private plans. No associations were found between the socio-demographic variables, affiliation with private health plans, health-related behavior, morbidity and having undergone a cancer cytology exam in the three years prior to the interview. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated important socioeconomic inequalities with regard to having undergone a PSA exam as well as equity regarding having undergone cancer cytology exams among women between 20 and 59 years of age either affiliated to private health plans or dependent on the public healthcare system. Inequalities were detected in having undergone mammography among women aged 40 to 69 years, demonstrating that those affiliated to private health plans underwent the exam more than those dependent on the public healthcare system. Equity was found with regard to the Papanicolaou test, indicating the possibility that the same could also occur with other health practices. Strategies that ensure equity in relation to access to health services need to be drafted in order to minimize inequalities regarding mammography and the PSA test as well as the promotion of integral actions that are relevant to national health policies for men and women
Ver menos
Barros, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo, 1948-
Orientador
Mendonça, Gulnar Azevedo e Silva
Avaliador
Wunsch Filho, Victor
Avaliador
Santiago, Silvia Maria, 1958-
Avaliador
Zeferino, Luiz Carlos, 1955-
Avaliador
As práticas preventivas para o câncer de mama, do colo de útero e da próstata em município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil : um olhar sobre a equidade
Vivian Mae Schmidt Lima Amorim
As práticas preventivas para o câncer de mama, do colo de útero e da próstata em município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil : um olhar sobre a equidade
Vivian Mae Schmidt Lima Amorim
Exemplares
Nº de exemplares: 1
Não existem reservas para esta obra