Destilado da desodorização do oleo de soja como suplemento de vitamina E
Cibelem Iribarrem Benites
TESE
Português
(Broch.)
T/UNICAMP B437d
[Soybean oil deodorizer distillate as a vitamin E supplement]
Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2008.
151p. : il.
Orientador: Admar Costa de Oliveira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Resumo: A utilização de resíduos e subprodutos da indústria vem crescendo devido à necessidade de adequação das empresas às normas ambientais. Por outro lado, a substituição de insumos artificiais por produtos naturais nas áreas alimentícias, farmacêuticas e outras, vem ganhando forte destaque...
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Resumo: A utilização de resíduos e subprodutos da indústria vem crescendo devido à necessidade de adequação das empresas às normas ambientais. Por outro lado, a substituição de insumos artificiais por produtos naturais nas áreas alimentícias, farmacêuticas e outras, vem ganhando forte destaque mundial. Estes fatos fomentam o estudo da utilização do Destilado da Desodorização do Óleo de Soja (DDOS) como suplemento de tocoferóis, que são compostos importantes na nutrição humana e animal, por apresentarem atividade vitamínica E e ação antioxidante natural. O DDOS é um subproduto oriundo do processo de refino do óleo de soja, que também é rico em ácidos graxos livres (AGL), esteróis e hidrocarbonetos, com potencialidade para extração de vitamina E; entretanto tem sido demonstrado que esta prática não é economicamente viável. Todavia, a utilização do DDOS na forma semi-refinada (neutra) torna-se uma alternativa para o enriquecimento de dietas animais e possivelmente humana. Com vistas a atingir tais objetivos, foi realizado um estudo do processo de neutralização variando o tipo de álcali, a concentração e o excesso adicionado do mesmo, além da temperatura do processo e do tempo de homogeneização. Após o estabelecimento das condições ótimas de processo, o DDOS foi neutralizado em maior quantidade para sua caracterização e como matéria-prima para a suplementação de ratos Wistar sadios recém-desmamados. Estes foram alimentados com dieta AIN-93G depletada em vitamina E e distribuídos conforme o período de suplementação oro-gástrica diária: 0 (n=7), 30 (n=42) e 60 dias (n=42), sendo estes últimos subdivididos pelo tipo de tratamento (7animais/grupo): Depletado (sem suplementação), Soja (óleo como placebo), Ephynal_ (vitamina E sintética), DDOS, DDOS 25 e DDOS 50 (respectivamente 150, 187,5 e 225 mg _- tocoferol/kg dieta). Através dos planejamentos experimentais, estabeleceram-se as condições ideais de neutralização (com maior redução de AGL, menor arraste de tocoferóis e maior rendimento), tendo como resultado: Na2CO3 (4,34N), temperatura de 45,8°C e tempo de homogeneização de 3¿20¿; com a neutralização, o teor de AGL passou de 53,4% para 6,1%, por isto foi neutralizado novamente para a suplementação dos ratos, resultando em 1,8% AGL e 11,0% de tocoferóis totais (TT). Na avaliação biológica, os resultados de crescimento e hemograma foram normais e, com 30 e 60 dias (30d e 60d) de suplementação, os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas na maioria dos aspectos (Tukey, p>0,05): triacilgliceróis séricos (118,8 mg/dL - 30d; 85,6 mg/dL - 60d); colesterol sérico (69,8 mg/dL - 30d; 65,5 mg/dL - 60d); transaminase oxaloacética (73,1 U/L - 30d; 81,3 U/L - 60d) e pirúvica (23,6 U/L - 30d; 28,3 U/L - 60d); bilirrubinas (0,2 mg/dL - 30d; 0,3 mg/dL - 60d). Assim, não houve danos hepáticos nem genotóxicos, pois a freqüência de micronúcleos estava dentro da taxa espontânea de mutação, i. e., freqüência admissível de mutação, sem dano para o organismo. Diferindo estatisticamente, o teor de lipídios hepáticos variou entre 6,5-8,5% e musculares 3,5-6,0%. A dosagem de isoprostanas com vistas a verificar o estado de oxidação não se mostrou adequada neste trabalho. O teor de MDA no tecido muscular não apresentou variação entre os grupos, aos 30d (1,6 µg MDA/g) e aos 60d (0,5 µg MDA/g) havendo uma redução. Para o tecido adiposo, aos 30d não houve diferença entre os grupos (1,9 µg MDA/g) e aos 60d houve aumento, sendo que os valores foram diferentes apenas matematicamente, sendo que com exceção do grupo Depletado, os demais não se diferenciaram (média aparente 2,7µg MDA/g). No tecido hepático, aos 30d houve uma diferença entre os grupos (média aparente 2,3 µg MDA/g), aos 60d houve um aumento no teor de MDA, sem diferença estatística entre os tratamentos (3,1 µg MDA/g). Quanto a distribuição de TT os grupos com DDOS tiveram desempenho intermediário dentre os tratamentos, sendo respectivamente para 30d e 60d: 7,3 µg/mL e 6,7 µg/mL no soro; 10,1 µg/g e 12,4 µg/g no fígado; 19,5 µg/g e 29,4 µg/g na gordura abdominal e 16,2 µg/g e 21,3 µg/g no músculo, com correlação positiva entre o teor de tocoferóis nos tecidos e o ingerido pelos animais. Os resultados mostraram que o DDOS não acarretou em alterações fisiológicas tóxicas nos animais, além de similaridade entre os efeitos dos tocoferóis naturais, presentes no DDOS, e os sintéticos, indicando o relevante potencial de utilização do produto como suplemento
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Abstract: Increased use of industrial waste and byproducts fits the need of industry to comply with environmental rules. The substitution of natural products for artificial ingredients has gained worldwide attention in the food, pharmaceutical and other industries. These facts justify the study on...
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Abstract: Increased use of industrial waste and byproducts fits the need of industry to comply with environmental rules. The substitution of natural products for artificial ingredients has gained worldwide attention in the food, pharmaceutical and other industries. These facts justify the study on the utilization of Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate (SODD) as tocopherol supplements. Tocopherol, which is physiologically active as vitamin E and a major natural antioxidant, is an especially important player in human and animal nutrition. SODD is a byproduct of the soybean oil refining process that is also rich in free fatty acids (FFA), sterols and hydrocarbons.
It has been demonstrated that the use of SODD for vitamin E extraction is not economically viable. However, SODD in the semi-refined form (neutral) can be an alternative for animal and possibly human diet enrichment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the SODD neutralizing process varying the type, concentration, and excess of alkali, as well as the process temperature and time for homogenization. After establishment of the optimal process conditions, a greater amount of SODD was neutralized for raw-material characterization and for supplementation of recently weaned Wistar rats. The rats were fed with AIN-93G diet depleted of vitamin E and distributed following the daily orogastric supplementation period: 0 (n=7), 30 (n=42) and 60 (n=42) days. The 30 and 60 days were divided by the treatment type (7 animals/group): Depleted (without supplementation), Soy (oil as placebo), Ephynal_ (synthetic vitamin E), SODD, SODD 25 and SODD 50 (150, 187.5, and 225 mg _-tocopherol/kg diet, respectively). The optimal conditions for the neutralizing process, i.e., in order to obtain the greatest reduction in free fatty acid content, the lowest leaching of tocopherols and the greatest yield, were defined experimentally. The results were: Na2CO3 (4.34N), temperature of 45.8ºC and homogenization time 3¿20¿¿. The FFA content was reduced from 53.4% to 6.1% after neutralization, requiring a second step of neutralization, thus obtaining a free fatty acid content of 1.8% and 11.0% of total tocopherol (TT). The biological evaluation showed normal results for growth and hematology and with 30 and 60 days of supplementation (30d and 60d) the treatments did not show statistically significant differences (p>0.05) for serum triglycerides (118.8 mg/dL - 30d; 85.6 mg/dL - 60d); serum cholesterol (69.8 mg/dL- 30d; 65.5 mg/dL - 60d); glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (73.1 U/L - 30d; 81.3 U/L - 60d), glutamic-pyruvate (23.6 U/L - 30d; 28.3 U/L - 60d); and bilirubins (0.2 mg/dL - 30d; 0.3 mg/dL - 60d). No hepatic and genotoxic damage was observed, since the micronucleus frequency was in the spontaneous mutation rate, i.e., admissible mutation frequency without organism damage. Significant differences were observed for hepatic and muscle lipids levels varying from 6.5 to 8.5% and 3.5 to 6.0%, respectively. Isoprostanes dosage was found to be an inadequate criteria to verify oxidation state. The malonaldehyde content (MDA) in the muscular tissue was not different between groups at 30d (1.6 µg MDA/g) and 60d (0.5 µg MDA/g) despite a slight reduction. For adipose tissue, there was no difference between the groups for 30d (1.9 µg MDA/g) and for 60d these values was increased, and were statistically different; with the exception of Depleted group, the others were not different (apparent average of 2.7 µg MDA/g). In the liver, at 30d there was a difference between groups (apparent average of 2.3 µg MDA/g) but at 60d there was an increase in MDA content, without statistical difference between treatments (3.1 µg MDA/g). The TT distribution of groups showed intermediary performance among the treatments, being 7.3 µg/mL and 6.7 µg/mL in serum; 10.1 µg/g and 12.4 µg/g in the liver; 19.5 µg/g and 29.4 µg/g in abdominal fat; and 16.2 µg/g and 21.3 µg/g in the muscle, for 30 and 60 days, respectively. A positive correlation between tocopherol content in the tissues and tocopherol consumption by animals was observed. The results show that SODD did not cause physiological damage in animals. Different sources of vitamin E, natural (present in SODD) and synthetic tocopherols, yielded similar effects, suggesting the potential of using SODD as a supplement Ver menos
It has been demonstrated that the use of SODD for vitamin E extraction is not economically viable. However, SODD in the semi-refined form (neutral) can be an alternative for animal and possibly human diet enrichment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the SODD neutralizing process varying the type, concentration, and excess of alkali, as well as the process temperature and time for homogenization. After establishment of the optimal process conditions, a greater amount of SODD was neutralized for raw-material characterization and for supplementation of recently weaned Wistar rats. The rats were fed with AIN-93G diet depleted of vitamin E and distributed following the daily orogastric supplementation period: 0 (n=7), 30 (n=42) and 60 (n=42) days. The 30 and 60 days were divided by the treatment type (7 animals/group): Depleted (without supplementation), Soy (oil as placebo), Ephynal_ (synthetic vitamin E), SODD, SODD 25 and SODD 50 (150, 187.5, and 225 mg _-tocopherol/kg diet, respectively). The optimal conditions for the neutralizing process, i.e., in order to obtain the greatest reduction in free fatty acid content, the lowest leaching of tocopherols and the greatest yield, were defined experimentally. The results were: Na2CO3 (4.34N), temperature of 45.8ºC and homogenization time 3¿20¿¿. The FFA content was reduced from 53.4% to 6.1% after neutralization, requiring a second step of neutralization, thus obtaining a free fatty acid content of 1.8% and 11.0% of total tocopherol (TT). The biological evaluation showed normal results for growth and hematology and with 30 and 60 days of supplementation (30d and 60d) the treatments did not show statistically significant differences (p>0.05) for serum triglycerides (118.8 mg/dL - 30d; 85.6 mg/dL - 60d); serum cholesterol (69.8 mg/dL- 30d; 65.5 mg/dL - 60d); glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (73.1 U/L - 30d; 81.3 U/L - 60d), glutamic-pyruvate (23.6 U/L - 30d; 28.3 U/L - 60d); and bilirubins (0.2 mg/dL - 30d; 0.3 mg/dL - 60d). No hepatic and genotoxic damage was observed, since the micronucleus frequency was in the spontaneous mutation rate, i.e., admissible mutation frequency without organism damage. Significant differences were observed for hepatic and muscle lipids levels varying from 6.5 to 8.5% and 3.5 to 6.0%, respectively. Isoprostanes dosage was found to be an inadequate criteria to verify oxidation state. The malonaldehyde content (MDA) in the muscular tissue was not different between groups at 30d (1.6 µg MDA/g) and 60d (0.5 µg MDA/g) despite a slight reduction. For adipose tissue, there was no difference between the groups for 30d (1.9 µg MDA/g) and for 60d these values was increased, and were statistically different; with the exception of Depleted group, the others were not different (apparent average of 2.7 µg MDA/g). In the liver, at 30d there was a difference between groups (apparent average of 2.3 µg MDA/g) but at 60d there was an increase in MDA content, without statistical difference between treatments (3.1 µg MDA/g). The TT distribution of groups showed intermediary performance among the treatments, being 7.3 µg/mL and 6.7 µg/mL in serum; 10.1 µg/g and 12.4 µg/g in the liver; 19.5 µg/g and 29.4 µg/g in abdominal fat; and 16.2 µg/g and 21.3 µg/g in the muscle, for 30 and 60 days, respectively. A positive correlation between tocopherol content in the tissues and tocopherol consumption by animals was observed. The results show that SODD did not cause physiological damage in animals. Different sources of vitamin E, natural (present in SODD) and synthetic tocopherols, yielded similar effects, suggesting the potential of using SODD as a supplement Ver menos
Oliveira, Ademar Costa de
Orientador
Soares, Leonor Almeida de Souza
Avaliador
Almeida, Flavia Queiroga Aranha de
Avaliador
Grimaldi, Renato, 1962-
Avaliador
Prado, Marcelo Alexandre, 1966-
Avaliador
Destilado da desodorização do oleo de soja como suplemento de vitamina E
Cibelem Iribarrem Benites
Destilado da desodorização do oleo de soja como suplemento de vitamina E
Cibelem Iribarrem Benites
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