As praticas preventivas para o cancer de mama e do colo do utero pelas mulheres de 40 anos ou mais de idade no municipio de Campinas, SP
Vivian Mae Schmidt Lima Amorim
DISSERTAÇÃO
Português
(Broch.)
T/UNICAMP Am68p
[Preventive practices for cervical and breast cancer for women 40 years old and over in the city of Campinas, SP]
Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2005.
89p. : il.
Orientador: Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Resumo:Justificativa: O câncer de mama e do colo de útero são neoplasias com altas taxas de incidência e mortalidade no Brasil e que dispõem de métodos eficazes de rastreamento para detecção precoce, oferecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Existe a necessidade de se identificar os subgrupos de...
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Resumo:Justificativa: O câncer de mama e do colo de útero são neoplasias com altas taxas de incidência e mortalidade no Brasil e que dispõem de métodos eficazes de rastreamento para detecção precoce, oferecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Existe a necessidade de se identificar os subgrupos de mulheres que não realizam as práticas preventivas para esses agravos, como forma de se desenvolver estratégias, nas três esferas de governo, que venham minimizar as desigualdades ainda existentes em relação ao acesso aos serviços de saúde, a oferta de cuidados básicos, ao diagnóstico, tratamento e reabilitação nas questões relativas à saúde da mulher. Objetivos: Analisar as práticas de detecção precoce para o câncer de mama e do colo uterino, segundo características sociodemográficas, morbidade e comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Material e Métodos: Estudo do tipo transversal, de base populacional, tendo como população de estudo todos os indivíduos do sexo feminino com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, não institucionalizados, residentes na área urbana de Campinas. Para a obtenção da amostra, os setores censitários do município de Campinas, foram agrupados em três estratos, segundo o percentual de chefes de família com nível universitário. Foram sorteados 10 setores censitários de cada estrato, e de cada setor censitário foram sorteados os domicílios e selecionados os indivíduos que seriam entrevistados, segundo os domínios de sexo e idade. As informações foram obtidas por meio de questionário estruturado em 19 blocos temáticos, com a maioria das questões fechadas, aplicado diretamente à pessoa sorteada.. O presente estudo incluiu 290 indivíduos pertencentes a dois domínios: mulheres de 20 a 59 anos e mulheres de 60 anos ou mais. Foram incluídos na análise dois grupos de variáveis: as independentes, compostas por variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e estado da saúde e as dependentes, referentes à realização das práticas preventivas para a detecção do câncer de mama e do colo de útero. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o programa STATA 7.0, que possibilitou levar em consideração as variáveis do plano de amostragem e o efeito de delineamento. As análises incluíram estimativas de prevalência, de razões de odds brutas e modelos de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: O presente estudo possibilitou verificar que 83,3% das mulheres com 40 anos ou mais de idade, residentes em Campinas, encontram-se com a prática adequada em relação ao exame de Papanicolaou; 8,5% das mulheres entre 40 e 59 anos de idade e 11,1% das mulheres com 60 anos ou mais nunca haviam realizado o exame de Papanicolaou. Entre os principais motivos alegados pelas mulheres que nunca realizaram o exame citológico, destacam-se: achar que a realização deste exame não é necessária (43,5%), sentir vergonha (28,1%) e dificuldades relacionadas ao serviço prestador do exame (13,7%). Foram detectados, na análise univariada, os seguintes fatores associados à não-realização do exame citológico: idade, raça/cor, escolaridade, número de pessoas no domicílio, posse de bens, a não realização de exames preventivos para o câncer de mama. Os resultados da análise de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada apontaram que não estar com a prática adequada quanto ao exame de Papanicolaou é mais freqüente nas mulheres entre 40 a 59 anos de idade, com escolaridade de até 4 anos, não brancas, e que não tiveram consulta odontológica no último ano. Verificou-se que 43,2% das mulheres que haviam feito o Papanicolaou tinham-no realizado em serviços do SUS. Em relação às práticas relativas à detecção precoce do câncer de mama, 50,8% das mulheres não fizeram mamografia nos últimos dois anos e dessas, 42,5% nunca haviam feito a mamografia e 8,3% realizaram-na há mais de 2 anos; 38,2 % não foram submetidas ao exame físico das mamas no ano que antecedeu a entrevista. Entre as mulheres com 70 anos ou mais de idade foram encontradas as maiores proporções de não realização da mamografia (67,7%) e do exame clínico das mamas (56,5%). Para a não realização do exame físico anual das mamas, nas análises univariadas, foram encontradas associações com: idade, raça/cor, situação conjugal, escolaridade, posse de bens, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, prática de atividade física, do auto exame da mama, da mamografia e da citologia oncótica, e o uso de serviços odontológicos. Para a não realização da mamografia nos dois anos que antecederam a entrevista foram encontrados, nas análises univariadas, os seguintes fatores associados: idade, raça/cor, renda familiar per capita, posse de bens, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, a prática do exame físico anual das mamas e da citologia oncótica. Os resultados do modelo de regressão logística múltipla mostraram que a não-realização do exame clínico das mamas foi mais freqüente entre as mulheres que vivem sem companheiro, que residem em domicílios com mais de quatro moradores, que não ingerem bebidas alcoólicas, que não realizaram o auto-exame das mamas e que não fizeram consulta odontológica no último ano. A não-realização da mamografia foi mais prevalente nas mulheres idade igual ou superior a 70 anos, não brancas, e que não ingeriam bebida alcoólica. Dos exames relatados, 28,8% das mamografias e 38,1% dos exames clínicos de mamas foram realizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Conclusão: Esse estudo mostrou importantes características das mulheres que não realizam de forma adequada as práticas preventivas para o câncer de colo de útero e o de mama e que estratégias necessitam serem desenvolvidas pelos gestores da saúde, nos três níveis de governo, com o objetivo de minimizar as desigualdades de acesso, garantindo-se os princípios da equidade e da integralidade das ações pertinentes ao programa da saúde da mulher
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Abstract: Background: Brazil has high incidence and mortality rates of breast and cervical cancer even though effective screening methods for early detection are provided by the Unified Health System-SUS. There is a need to identify subgroups of women who do not undergo preventive practices for...
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Abstract: Background: Brazil has high incidence and mortality rates of breast and cervical cancer even though effective screening methods for early detection are provided by the Unified Health System-SUS. There is a need to identify subgroups of women who do not undergo preventive practices for these conditions, so as to develop strategies at the three levels of government in order to minimize the inequalities that still exist in terms of access to health services, offer of basic care, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation in issues related to women¿s health. Objectives: To analyze early detection practices for breast and cervical cancer, according to socio-demographic characteristics, morbidity and health-related behaviors.
Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based study of all non-institutionalized women, 40 years old and over, and living in the urban area of Campinas. The sample was constructed by dividing the census sectors of Campinas into three strata groups according to the percentage of heads of households with college education. Ten census sectors were drawn from each stratum, and households were drawn and individuals selected for interviews from each census sector, according to gender and age. Information was derived from a questionnaire structured in 19 theme blocks, mostly with closed questions asked directly to the individual drawn. The present study included 290 individuals as follows: women, 20 to 59 years old and women 60 and over. Two groups of variables were analyzed: independent variables, encompassing socio-demographic variables, health-related behaviors and individual and family members¿ health status in terms of undergoing preventive practices to detect breast and cervical cancer. Statistical analysis was performed by using the STATA 7.0 program, which enabled taking into account the variables of the sample plan and design effect. Analyses included prevalence estimates, overall odds ratio and multiple regression logistic models. Results: The present study made it possible to verify that 83.3% of women 40 years and over, living in Campinas, have an inappropriate practice in relation to Pap smears; 8.5% of women between 40 and 59 years of age and that 11.1% of women 60 and over had never undergone a Pap smear. Among the major reasons pointed out by the women that had never had oncotic cytology, the following stand out: believing the test is not necessary (43.5%), being embarrassed (28.1%), and obstacles related to the service performing the test (13.7%). The univariate analysis detected the following factors associated with not having a cytology smear: age, race/color, schooling, number of individuals in the household, having assets, not doing preventive exams for breast cancer. The result of the hierarchy multiple regression logistic analysis pointed out that not having an appropriate practice in relation to Pap smears is more frequent in non-white women between 40 and 59 years of age, with up to 4 years of schooling and that had not had a dental appointment in the past year. The study verified that 43.2% of women that had been submitted to a Pap smear had done so in a SUS service. Regarding practices related to early detection of breast cancer, 50.8% of women had not had a mammogram in the past two years, and of these, 42.5% had never had a mammogram, and 8.3% had had one more than 2 years before; 38.2% had not been submitted to a breast examination in the year preceding the interview. The largest ratios of not having a mammogram (67.7%) and of not having a clinical breast exam (56.5%) were found among women 70 years old and over. The following associations were found in the univariate analyses for not having an annual breast exam: age, race/color, marital status, schooling, having assets, liquor consumption, exercising, breast self-examination, mammogram and cytology, and utilization of dental services. The following associated factors were found in the univariate analyses for not having a mammogram in the two years preceding the interview: age, race/color, per capita family income, having assets, liquor consumption, having had an annual breast exam and cytology. The results of the multiple regression logistic model showed that not having a clinical breast exam was more frequent among women that: live without a companion or in households with more than four residents, do not drink liquor, do not perform self breast examination and did not have a dental appointment in the past year. Not having a mammogram was more prevalent in non-white women 70 years or over, and that did not drink liquor. Of the tests mentioned, 28.8% of mammograms and 38.1% of clinical breast exams were performed by the SUS. Conclusion: The study showed the major features of women that did not have appropriate preventive practices for cervical and breast cancer, and that health managers should develop strategies at the three levels of government in order to minimize access inequalities and to guarantee the principles of equity and integrality of the actions of women¿s health programs Ver menos
Methods: Cross-sectional, population-based study of all non-institutionalized women, 40 years old and over, and living in the urban area of Campinas. The sample was constructed by dividing the census sectors of Campinas into three strata groups according to the percentage of heads of households with college education. Ten census sectors were drawn from each stratum, and households were drawn and individuals selected for interviews from each census sector, according to gender and age. Information was derived from a questionnaire structured in 19 theme blocks, mostly with closed questions asked directly to the individual drawn. The present study included 290 individuals as follows: women, 20 to 59 years old and women 60 and over. Two groups of variables were analyzed: independent variables, encompassing socio-demographic variables, health-related behaviors and individual and family members¿ health status in terms of undergoing preventive practices to detect breast and cervical cancer. Statistical analysis was performed by using the STATA 7.0 program, which enabled taking into account the variables of the sample plan and design effect. Analyses included prevalence estimates, overall odds ratio and multiple regression logistic models. Results: The present study made it possible to verify that 83.3% of women 40 years and over, living in Campinas, have an inappropriate practice in relation to Pap smears; 8.5% of women between 40 and 59 years of age and that 11.1% of women 60 and over had never undergone a Pap smear. Among the major reasons pointed out by the women that had never had oncotic cytology, the following stand out: believing the test is not necessary (43.5%), being embarrassed (28.1%), and obstacles related to the service performing the test (13.7%). The univariate analysis detected the following factors associated with not having a cytology smear: age, race/color, schooling, number of individuals in the household, having assets, not doing preventive exams for breast cancer. The result of the hierarchy multiple regression logistic analysis pointed out that not having an appropriate practice in relation to Pap smears is more frequent in non-white women between 40 and 59 years of age, with up to 4 years of schooling and that had not had a dental appointment in the past year. The study verified that 43.2% of women that had been submitted to a Pap smear had done so in a SUS service. Regarding practices related to early detection of breast cancer, 50.8% of women had not had a mammogram in the past two years, and of these, 42.5% had never had a mammogram, and 8.3% had had one more than 2 years before; 38.2% had not been submitted to a breast examination in the year preceding the interview. The largest ratios of not having a mammogram (67.7%) and of not having a clinical breast exam (56.5%) were found among women 70 years old and over. The following associations were found in the univariate analyses for not having an annual breast exam: age, race/color, marital status, schooling, having assets, liquor consumption, exercising, breast self-examination, mammogram and cytology, and utilization of dental services. The following associated factors were found in the univariate analyses for not having a mammogram in the two years preceding the interview: age, race/color, per capita family income, having assets, liquor consumption, having had an annual breast exam and cytology. The results of the multiple regression logistic model showed that not having a clinical breast exam was more frequent among women that: live without a companion or in households with more than four residents, do not drink liquor, do not perform self breast examination and did not have a dental appointment in the past year. Not having a mammogram was more prevalent in non-white women 70 years or over, and that did not drink liquor. Of the tests mentioned, 28.8% of mammograms and 38.1% of clinical breast exams were performed by the SUS. Conclusion: The study showed the major features of women that did not have appropriate preventive practices for cervical and breast cancer, and that health managers should develop strategies at the three levels of government in order to minimize access inequalities and to guarantee the principles of equity and integrality of the actions of women¿s health programs Ver menos
As praticas preventivas para o cancer de mama e do colo do utero pelas mulheres de 40 anos ou mais de idade no municipio de Campinas, SP
Vivian Mae Schmidt Lima Amorim
As praticas preventivas para o cancer de mama e do colo do utero pelas mulheres de 40 anos ou mais de idade no municipio de Campinas, SP
Vivian Mae Schmidt Lima Amorim
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