Floristica, espectro biologico e padrões fenologicos do cerrado sensu lato no Parque Nacional das Emas (GO) e o componente herbaceo-subarbustivo da flora do cerrado sensu lato
Marco Antonio Portugal Luttembarck Batalha
TESE
Português
(Broch.)
T/UNICAMP B311f
Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2001.
213p. : il.
Orientador : Fernando Roberto Martins
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Rsumo: O cerrado é o segundo tipo vegetacional brasileiro em extensão territorial. Entre as reservas que o protegem, o Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE) é uma das maiores e mais bem preservadas. O PNE, com cerca de 132.000 ha, está localizado no Planalto Central Brasileiro, no sudoeste de Goiás, sob...
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Rsumo: O cerrado é o segundo tipo vegetacional brasileiro em extensão territorial. Entre as reservas que o protegem, o Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE) é uma das maiores e mais bem preservadas. O PNE, com cerca de 132.000 ha, está localizado no Planalto Central Brasileiro, no sudoeste de Goiás, sob clima tropical subquente úmido com três meses de seca no inverno. A maior parte do PNE, mais de 90% de sua área, é coberta por fisionomias de cerrado (campo limpo, campo sujo, campo cerrado ou cerrado sensu stneto). Até o momento, os únicos estudos desenvolvidos no PNE envolviam sua fauna (especialmente, a de maior porte) ou o fogo. De novembro de 1998 a outubro de 1999, realizamos um levantamento florístico nas fisionomias de cerrado no PNE, quando encontramos 601 espécies, pertencentes a 303 gêneros e 80 famílias. Entre as espécies coletadas, 12 foram invasoras e sete, novas para ciência. A proporção entre espécies herbáceo-subarbustivas e arbustivo-arbóreas foi de 3,03:1. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae e Lamiaceae, que compreenderam 48% do total de espécies. Os resultados encontrados nesse levantamento mostraram a importância do PNE para a conservação do cerrado, pois de 8 a 20% das espécies relacionadas para essa formação vegetal ocorrem na reserva. Comparamos a distribuição de espécies por famílias obtidas para a flora do PNE com aquelas obtidas por outros autores para o Domínio do Cerrado e o cerrado sensu lato. Usamos esses padrões mais gerais como modelos nulos contra os quais a distribuição de espécies por famílias no PNE foi testada, caracterizando assim sua flora e discutindo alguns padrões fitogeográficos. As distribuições dos tamanhos de famílias e gêneros foram deslocadas para a menor classe, com um maior número de famílias e gêneros com uma única espécie. A distribuição de espécies por famílias no PNE foi significativamente diferente daquelas encontradas tanto no Domínio do Cerrado quanto nos componentes herbáceo-subarbustivo e arbustivo-arbóreo do cerrado sensu lato. O componente herbáceo-subarbustivo da flora do cerrado no PNE se caracterizou pela super-representação de Myrtaceae e subrepresentação de Orchidaceae e Lythraceae, e o componente arbustivo-arbóreo, pela maior proporção do que a esperada de Myrtaceae e Nyctaginaceae. Quando comparado com áreas disjuntas de cerrado, o PNE se mostrou bem distinto, não só em nível de espécie, mas também em nível de família. A partir da lista florística obtida nas fisionomias de cerrado no PNE, nós construímos o espectro biológico dessa flora, segundo o sistema de Raunkiaer. As principais formas de vida foram os hemicriptófitos e os fanerófitos, que representaram, respectivamente, 49,92% e 24,79% do número total de espécies. Quando comparados ao espectro normal de Raunkiaer, o espectro do PNE foi significativamente diferente, devido especialmente à maior proporção de hemicriptófitos. Outros sítios de cerrado também apresentaram maiores proporções de hemicriptófitos e fanerófitos, embora a importância relativa dessas classes tenha variado conforme as fisionomias predominantes. Quando comparados a espectros biológicos de outras formações vegetais, os sítios de cerrado formaram um grupo distinto, com autovalores mais próximos daqueles dos hemicriptófitos e fanerófitos. Os sítios de cerrado se distinguiram dos das demais savanas pela subrepresentação dos terófitos. Ainda que algumas vezes criticado quanto à sua aplicabilidade em comunidades tropicais, o sistema de Raunkiaer foi útil para caracterizar as floras de cerrado e separá-las dos demais tipos vegetacionais. No cerrado, como em outras savanas, os padrões fenológicos estão fortemente associados à estacionalidade climática. Os padrões de floração e frutificação da comunidade foram analisados, relacionando-os às síndromes de dispersão e comparando os componentes herbáceo-subarbustivo e arbustivo-arbóreo. O componente herbáceo-subarbustivo se caracterizou pela maior proporção de espécies autocóricas, e o componente arbustivo-arbóreo, pela maior proporção de espécies zoocóricas. Houve uma estacionalidade marcante nos padrões de floração e frutificação da comunidade, embora eles tenham sido diferentes entre os componentes herbáceo-subarbustivo e arbustivo-arbóreo. As espécies arbustivo-arbóreas floresceram principalmente no início da estação chuvosa, enquanto que as herbáceo-subarbustivas floresceram geralmente no final dessa estação. Na estação seca, quando a dispersão de seus diásporos é mais eficiente, a proporção de espécies anemo e autocóricas frutificando foi maior. Durante a estação chuvosa, quando seus frutos podem se manter atrativos por mais tempo, as espécies zoocóricas frutificaram em maior número. Ainda que freqüentemente negligenciado, o componente herbáceo-subarbustivo da flora do cerrado é mais rico do que o componente arbustivo-arbóreo, muito mais estudado. Tentamos compilar um listagem das espécies herbáceo-subarbustivas que ocorrem no cerrado, usando como critério de inclusão a classe de forma de vida. Todas as espécies não-fanerofíticas foram consideradas como pertencentes ao componente herbáceo-subarbustivo. Listamos 2.856 espécies, um número maior do que o limite inferior de uma estimativa anterior. As famílias mais ricas foram Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae e Orchidaceae, que englobaram 53,47% do número total de espécies. A distribuição dos tamanhos das famílias no cerrado como um todo pode ser usada para comparar e caracterizar o componente herbáceo-subarbustivo de áreas de cerrado. Os gêneros mais ricos foram Hyptis, Vernonia, Chamaecrista, Paspalum e Mimosa, todos pertencentes a uma das famílias mais bem representadas. Nossa listagem provavelmente é uma subestimativa do número verdadeiro de espécies no componente herbáceo-subarbustivo da flora do cerrado, devido aos poucos levantamentos disponíveis em que essas espécies tenham sido também coletadas. Futuros estudos que lidem com a vegetação do cerrado não podem mais ignorar o io componente herbáceo-subarbustivo, que é mais rico e mais vulnerável do que o componente arbustivo-arbóreo
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Abstract: The cerrado, a savanna-like ecosystem, is the second largest vegetation type in Brazil. Among the reserves that protect it, Emas National Park (ENP) is one of the largest and best preserved. The ENP, with about 132,000 ha, is located in the Brazilian Central Plateau, southwestem Goiás...
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Abstract: The cerrado, a savanna-like ecosystem, is the second largest vegetation type in Brazil. Among the reserves that protect it, Emas National Park (ENP) is one of the largest and best preserved. The ENP, with about 132,000 ha, is located in the Brazilian Central Plateau, southwestem Goiás State, under warm and wet tropical climate with three dry months in winter. Most of ENP's area, more than 90%, is covered by cerrado physiognomies. Until now, ali studies cattÍed out within the reserve were restricted to its fauna and fues.
From November 1998 to October 1999, we cattÍed out a floristic survey in the cerrado physiognomies in ENP, when we found 601 species, belonging to 303 genera and 80 families. Among the collected species, 12 were weeds and seven, new to science. The herbaceous to woody species ratio was 3.03:1. The richest families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, and Lamiaceae, which comprised 48% of the total number of species. The results obtained in this survey showed the importance of Emas National Park to the cerrado conservation, since from 8 to 20% of the species related for this vegetation type occur in the reserve. We compared the frequency distribuition of species per family obtained for the ENP flora with those obtained by other authors for the cerrado vegetation and the Cerrado Domain. We used these more general pattem as null models against which the frequency distribution of species per family in ENP was tested, characterizing thus its flora and discussing some phytogeographical pattems. The frequency distribution of genus and family sizes was highy skewed to the smaliest class, with a higher number of monospecific genera and families. The distribution of species per family in ENP was significandy different from those obtained in the Cerrado Domain and in the herbaceous and woody components of the cerrado flora. The herbaceous component of ENP flora was charactetÍZed by the overproportion of Myrtaceae and underproportion of Orchidaceae and Lythraceae, and the woody component, by the overproportion of Myrtaceae and Nyctaginaceae. When compared with oudying cerrado sites, the ENP was quite distinct, not only on species level, but also on family levei. Based on the floristic list obtained in the cerrado physiognomies in ENP, we constructed the life form spectrum of its flora, following Raunkiaer's system. The main life-form classes were hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes, which accounted, respectively, for 49.92% and 24.79% of the total number of species. When compared with Raunkiaer's normal spectrum, the ENP spectrum was significandy different, due especially by the overproportion of hemicryptophytes. Other cerrado sites presented also higher proportions of hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes, although their relative importance vaned according to the prevailing physiognomies. When compared with life-form spectra from other vegetation types, the cerrado sites formed a distinct group, with eigenvalues doser to those of the hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes. The cerrado sites distinguished themselves from the savanna sites by their under-representation of therophytes. Even if sometimes criticized in its application on tropical communities, Raunkiaer's system was useful to characterize the cerrado floras and to separate it from other vegetation types. In the cerrado, as in other savannas, the phenological pattems are dosely linked to the climatic seasonality. The flowering and fruiting pattems of the community were analysed in relation to dispersal syndromes, comparing the herbaceous and the woody components. The herbaceous component was characterized by an overproportion of autochorous species, and the woody component, by an overproportion of zoochorous species. There was a striking seasonality in the community-wide pattem of flowering and fruiting, although they were different between the herbaceous and the woody components. W oody species flowered mainly during late dry and early wet seasons, whereas herbaceous species flowered generally during late wet season. At the dry season, when their diaspores could be dispersed more efficiendy, the proportion of fruiting anemo and autochorous fruits was higher. During the rainy season, when their fruits could be kept attractive for longer time, the number of fruiting zoochorous species reached its peak.
Even if frequendy neglected, the herbaceous component of the cerrado flora is richer than the much more studied woody component. We tried to compile a checklist of the herbaceous species that occur in the cerrado, using life-form class as criterion of inclusion. All non-phanerophytes species were assumed to belong to the herbaceous component. We listed 2,856 species, a figure higher than the lower limit of a previous estimation. The richest families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Orchidaceae, which accounted for 53.47% of the total number of species. The distribution of family sizes in the cerrado as a whole can be used to compare and characterize the herbaceous component in cerrado sites. The richest genera were Hyptis, Vernonia, Chamaecrista, Paspalum, and Mimosa, all belonging to one of the best represented families. Our checklist is probably an underestimation of the actual number of species in the herbaceous component of the cerrrado flora, due to the few surveys currendy available in which the herbaceous species had also been sampled. Future studies dealing with the cerrado vegetation can no longer ignore the herbaceous component, which is richer and more vulnerable than the woody component Ver menos
From November 1998 to October 1999, we cattÍed out a floristic survey in the cerrado physiognomies in ENP, when we found 601 species, belonging to 303 genera and 80 families. Among the collected species, 12 were weeds and seven, new to science. The herbaceous to woody species ratio was 3.03:1. The richest families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, and Lamiaceae, which comprised 48% of the total number of species. The results obtained in this survey showed the importance of Emas National Park to the cerrado conservation, since from 8 to 20% of the species related for this vegetation type occur in the reserve. We compared the frequency distribuition of species per family obtained for the ENP flora with those obtained by other authors for the cerrado vegetation and the Cerrado Domain. We used these more general pattem as null models against which the frequency distribution of species per family in ENP was tested, characterizing thus its flora and discussing some phytogeographical pattems. The frequency distribution of genus and family sizes was highy skewed to the smaliest class, with a higher number of monospecific genera and families. The distribution of species per family in ENP was significandy different from those obtained in the Cerrado Domain and in the herbaceous and woody components of the cerrado flora. The herbaceous component of ENP flora was charactetÍZed by the overproportion of Myrtaceae and underproportion of Orchidaceae and Lythraceae, and the woody component, by the overproportion of Myrtaceae and Nyctaginaceae. When compared with oudying cerrado sites, the ENP was quite distinct, not only on species level, but also on family levei. Based on the floristic list obtained in the cerrado physiognomies in ENP, we constructed the life form spectrum of its flora, following Raunkiaer's system. The main life-form classes were hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes, which accounted, respectively, for 49.92% and 24.79% of the total number of species. When compared with Raunkiaer's normal spectrum, the ENP spectrum was significandy different, due especially by the overproportion of hemicryptophytes. Other cerrado sites presented also higher proportions of hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes, although their relative importance vaned according to the prevailing physiognomies. When compared with life-form spectra from other vegetation types, the cerrado sites formed a distinct group, with eigenvalues doser to those of the hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes. The cerrado sites distinguished themselves from the savanna sites by their under-representation of therophytes. Even if sometimes criticized in its application on tropical communities, Raunkiaer's system was useful to characterize the cerrado floras and to separate it from other vegetation types. In the cerrado, as in other savannas, the phenological pattems are dosely linked to the climatic seasonality. The flowering and fruiting pattems of the community were analysed in relation to dispersal syndromes, comparing the herbaceous and the woody components. The herbaceous component was characterized by an overproportion of autochorous species, and the woody component, by an overproportion of zoochorous species. There was a striking seasonality in the community-wide pattem of flowering and fruiting, although they were different between the herbaceous and the woody components. W oody species flowered mainly during late dry and early wet seasons, whereas herbaceous species flowered generally during late wet season. At the dry season, when their diaspores could be dispersed more efficiendy, the proportion of fruiting anemo and autochorous fruits was higher. During the rainy season, when their fruits could be kept attractive for longer time, the number of fruiting zoochorous species reached its peak.
Even if frequendy neglected, the herbaceous component of the cerrado flora is richer than the much more studied woody component. We tried to compile a checklist of the herbaceous species that occur in the cerrado, using life-form class as criterion of inclusion. All non-phanerophytes species were assumed to belong to the herbaceous component. We listed 2,856 species, a figure higher than the lower limit of a previous estimation. The richest families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Orchidaceae, which accounted for 53.47% of the total number of species. The distribution of family sizes in the cerrado as a whole can be used to compare and characterize the herbaceous component in cerrado sites. The richest genera were Hyptis, Vernonia, Chamaecrista, Paspalum, and Mimosa, all belonging to one of the best represented families. Our checklist is probably an underestimation of the actual number of species in the herbaceous component of the cerrrado flora, due to the few surveys currendy available in which the herbaceous species had also been sampled. Future studies dealing with the cerrado vegetation can no longer ignore the herbaceous component, which is richer and more vulnerable than the woody component Ver menos
Martins, Fernando Roberto, 1949-
Orientador
Coutinho, Leopoldo Magno
Avaliador
Mantovani, Waldir
Avaliador
Ribeiro, José Felipe
Avaliador
Shepherd, George, 1962-
Avaliador
Floristica, espectro biologico e padrões fenologicos do cerrado sensu lato no Parque Nacional das Emas (GO) e o componente herbaceo-subarbustivo da flora do cerrado sensu lato
Marco Antonio Portugal Luttembarck Batalha
Floristica, espectro biologico e padrões fenologicos do cerrado sensu lato no Parque Nacional das Emas (GO) e o componente herbaceo-subarbustivo da flora do cerrado sensu lato
Marco Antonio Portugal Luttembarck Batalha
Exemplares
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