Agradecimentos: We are grateful to Roque Cielo-Filho and Fernando Martins for generously sharing tree species identifications for the reference forest, and to Nino Amazonas for tree species identification at the 23-yr and 55-yr sites. We are grateful to Luciana Alves, Natalia Ivanauskas, Pedro...

Agradecimentos: We are grateful to Roque Cielo-Filho and Fernando Martins for generously sharing tree species identifications for the reference forest, and to Nino Amazonas for tree species identification at the 23-yr and 55-yr sites. We are grateful to Luciana Alves, Natalia Ivanauskas, Pedro Brancalion, Sergius Gandolfi and Flaviana Maluf de Souza for thoughtful comments and suggestions on an earlier version, and to A. Townsend Peterson, Richard J. Hobbs and Fernando S. Santos for careful English corrections and suggestions. Thanks to Etienne Laliberté and Richard J. Hobbs for first discussions. We thank Gustavo Girardelli, Rebeca David, Clara Sant'Anna and all field assistants for pleasant company and help in field trips. The authors also acknowledge all taxonomists and researchers who assisted with identifying plant species: Jorge Y. Tamashiro, M.C.E. Amaral, T.M. Barbosa, C.P. Bruniera, M.K. Caddah, J.P. Coulleri, M.M. Egea, F.M. Ferreira, F.L.R. Filardi, F. Firetti-Leggieri, J.A.M.A. Gomes, L.G. Lohmann, W. Forster, J.A. Lombardi, M.C.H. Mamede, W. Marcondes-Ferreira, F. Merendoni, M.A. Milward-de-Azevedo, R. Morokawa, Z.V. Pereira, Pinho M.A. Ferreira, S.H.O. Polo, R.T. Queiroz, R.M. Salas, M.B. Sampaio, J. Semir, G.H. Shimizu, E.D. Silva, M.J. Silva, M.F. Silveira, L.P. Sims, M. Sobral, F.O. Souza-Buturi, J.R. Stehmann, J.D. Urdampilleta, J. van Melis, S. Vieira. FAPESP (grant number: 07/50885-8), PDEE/CAPES (grant number: 2028-10-7) and FAEPEX (grant number: 426-09) provided essential financial support via grants to the first author

Do species richness, flower functional diversity and redundancy of tree and non-tree species increase with restoration age; are the flower traits of the reference forest similar to those found in restored sites; and (3) does species originality, in terms of unique combinations of different set of...

Do species richness, flower functional diversity and redundancy of tree and non-tree species increase with restoration age; are the flower traits of the reference forest similar to those found in restored sites; and (3) does species originality, in terms of unique combinations of different set of flower traits, differ among sites? Forests restored by planting a high diversity assemblage of tree species, within the Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil. We sampled all reproductive individuals (353 species) and classified them in terms of floral type, colour, size, generalization level and openness. As most trees were planted and non-tree species (sub-shrub, shrub, herbs, epiphytes, climbers and hemi-parasitic plants) were mostly naturally established, we analysed them in separate analyses. We compared species richness, functional diversity, redundancy and originality among sites. Moreover, we identified optimal subsets of flower traits to describe vegetation succession trends. Flower functional diversity of tree species could be achieved after two decades of restoration, but remained far from reference values for non-tree species. The same gap regarding reference values occurred with species richness, which increased over restoration periods, although were far from the reference values. Redundancy and functional diversity are not related to restoration age. Red/burgundy colour, gullet and bell-funnel shape and large size were identified as indicators of the reference forest flowers. Different indicator traits were found for each restoration sites. Sites were similar regarding originality for tree and for non-tree species. A highly diverse species pool seems to promise to increase richness and functional diversity of tree species, but not of non-tree species. Trait analyses have important implications for restoration projects and can be used instead of species taxonomic identity, especially for highly diverse tropical forests. Such functional diversity may be advanced through a priori definition of which species from the regional pool can be used in plantings for forest restoration, with special attention to functional traits of non-tree species. Otherwise, restoration sites in highly fragmented landscapes will not reach functional diversity of reference sites, even after a five-decade period

FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP

07/50885-8

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES

fechado